60 Years of Industrial progress By Mansoor Ahmad
LAHORE: Despite having no industrial base at the time of independence, Pakistan survived its early years on the strength of good governance its bureaucracy inherited from the British rule.
In its initial years after independence, the planners facilitated the establishment of those industries for which raw material was available in Pakistan. In this process, they however neglected some established engineering industries, which denied the country a good engineering base. Textile, cement and sugar were the industries for which raw material was locally available and these are the main large scale industrial sectors of the country.
The industrial units in Pakistan in 1947 could be counted on fingers.
Dalmia Cement Factory at Karachi and Associated Cement Company at Wah together produced 28,000 tonnes of cement at that time, which was not sufficient for domestic needs. The country now has a cement production capacity of over 33 million tonnes, which is in excess of domestic demand.There was
hardly any textile base. Colony Textile Mills Okara was the only textile mill worth mentioning. The area falling under Pakistan produced cotton, which was consumed by textile mills based in India. Today Pakistan is a force to reckon with in textiles. However, the Indian textile industry is much larger and fulfills its domestic needs from locally produced cotton. India, in fact, is the second largest producer and exporter of cotton in the world. Pakistan, on the other hand, has to depend on the import of cotton to run its domestic industry.
At the time of independence, there were 921 registered industrial units in undivided India. Out of these, only 34 units were located in Pakistan, which also included East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Total jobs provided by these industries to a population of over 60 million people were only 26,400. These industrial units were comparatively of small size involving simple processes of production. At that time, East Pakistan produced jute while all the jute mills were located in India.
The Railway Workshop at
Mughalpura Lahore was one of the best engineering facilities in the sub-continent. This state-of-the-art engineering workshop of that time is now in shambles. We did not build up the excellent engineering facility Pakistan inherited at the time of independence.
Besides the large Mughalpura workshop, Pakistan also inherited a small base of engineering industries. These industries were established in and around small towns surrounding Lahore. There were a number of small manufacturers in Gujranwala, Daska, Sialkot and Wazirabad, which produced engineering goods such as machine tools, diesel engines (5-50 HP), surgical instruments, oil expellers, fans, cinema projectors, machinery parts and components, etc. Some of these products were even exported.
The surgical instruments’ production is now in shambles. These instruments were being produced since 1908 and their exports commenced in 1930. Besides this, there were 13 manufacturers of machines and tools and about 60 manufacturers of diesel engines.
With an engineering base of such strength in 1947, Pakistan has failed to produce any car, tractor or motorcycle with 100 per cent local components. We are not producing, but assembling cars in the country with 30-60 per cent imported parts.
There were three sugar mills in the country, one was in the then East Pakistan and two in present Pakistan. T
otal sugar production at that time was 95,000 tonnes per year. Now Pakistan has over 73 sugar mills with a production capacity of over five million tonnes. Actual production varies from three to four million tonnes. The prices of sugar in Pakistan always remain 30-40 per cent higher than the global market.
At the time of partition, Pakistan had no paper or paper board mill. Now it has over 70 such units, some producing fine paper for text books, periodicals and school note books. Cigarette production has increased from 241 million to several billions. There was no fertiliser factory. Now Pakistan produces both nitrogen and phosphate fertilisers. It is, in fact, self-sufficient in urea production.
The country had no edible oil processing industry, no bicycle manufacturing unit, no soda ash plant or polyester fibre unit. Electric bulbs and tube lights had to be imported as there was no such industry. Steel products for construction or other use were imported. Now Pakistan produces these items. The multinational producers of soda ash and PTA though have been given undue duty protection, which has made industries using these materials uncompetitive in the global markets. The energy supply was mainly met from coal and kerosene. The electric supply was limited to main cities as the total power generation capacity did not exceed 60 MW. Today despite outages majority of the population enjoys access to electricity.
The total length of railway track laid by the British was about 12,000 km, which Pakistan inherited. This was an excellent infrastructure, which has now been destroyed to a large extent. We never updated the railway infrastructure, the cheapest mode of goods’ transportation. The goods’ transportation capacity of the railways has declined by 10 times in the last 40 years, increasing the cost of transportation. There has hardly been any addition to the railway track in the last 60 years.
In the agriculture sector, wheat production increased from 3.3 million tonnes in 1947 to 23 million tonnes this year. Rice production rose from 0.68 million tonnes to 5.1 million tonnes. Sugarcane production increased 10 times and cotton production rose 12 times.According to BBC, though Pakistan’s population was about 23 per cent of British India, it received less than 10 per cent of the industrial units. Economic experts say Pakistan has failed to avail itself of numerous opportunities in its 60 years of existence to move up and become a developed country. The main impediment, which denied the country its true potential, was deteriorating governance.
Governance needs to be improved in order to move on path of developmenthttp://thenews.jang.com.pk/daily_detail.asp?id=68242