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JF 17 Thunder
No-access policy on Dr Khan to continue: PML-Q
Tuesday, December 18, 2007


RAWALPINDI: Pakistan Muslim League-Quaid (PML-Q) will follow its policy on denying the international investigators’ access to nuclear scientists and nuclear assets after winning the Jan 8 election, said the party’s secretary general, Mushahid Hussain Sayed, while talking to media persons at Al-Shifa Eye Trust Hospital here on Monday.

Referring to Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) Chairwoman Benazir Bhutto’s statement that she would allow the international investigators to investigate Dr Abdul Qadir Khan, Mushahid said A.Q Khan was a national asset and his party would not allow any agency or country to interrogate him. He said Dr Khan was in good health and on Sunday a three-member team of PML-Q comprising Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, S M Zafar and he himself met him to inquire about his health. He said during their five-year tenure PML-Q had spared no effort to develop the country and improve its image in the eyes of the international community.

Replying to a question, Mushahid said PML-Q had allowed its NWFP chapter to make alliances and seat adjustments with other parties, even with JUI-F, to win the election.

To another question, he said unification of PML was not yet on the cards, as all the parties were contesting polls under their own manifestos and flags. This situation could come under consideration after the election, he added. staff report


Daily Times
2 aliph 5

Abdul Qadeer Khan is not the father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

Sir Munir Ahmed is the real father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

Abdul Qadeer Khan is only credited for providing the enriched uranium.

Munir Ahmed is Credited with providing Plutonium, desginging the bomb and all parts inside the bomb.
The Architect
QUOTE(2 aliph 5 @ Dec 18 2007, 07:42 PM) *
Munir Ahmed is Credited with providing Plutonium, desginging the bomb and all parts inside the bomb.


Yeah, by most accounts M A Khan kickstarted Pakistan's indigenous nuclear capability.

Not sure about Mushy's portrayal of A Q Khan in his book, though - I think the poor guy's been slandered, maybe for the greater good of the country.

A
JF 17 Thunder
Pakistan’s atomic programme still on: Dr Samar
Thursday, December 20, 2007


LAHORE: Nuclear scientist and National Scientific and Engineering Commission Chairman Dr Samar Mubarakmand denied the impression that Pakistan’s atomic programme had been capped, saying that removal of Dr Qadeer from the nuclear programme did not mean that the government had planned to roll back its nuclear programme.

Talking at a Geo television programme on Wednesday, Dr Samar refuted the impression that Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan had headed the team that carried out nuclear tests on May 28, 1998. He said that he himself was leading the team which carried out the blasts and that Dr Qadeer was not even a member of that team.

When asked what would happen if terrorists ever managed to capture and shift these sensitive weapons, Dr Samar said that no one could fire nuclear weapons as their launching required a very complex technical system, including its code. He said Pakistan was capable enough to safeguard its weapons. daily times monitor


Daily Times
2 aliph 5

^^^

AQ Lab was only producing Enriched Uranium.

Everything else was being produced by PAEC through NESCOM. Even the plutonium is coming from Khushab reactor.

Removal of AQ Khan was never going to end anything anyways.
Skull-Buster
Anyways, AQ Khan was a vital member of the whole process. it should not matter who is the father, everyone who contributed in making us a nuclear power are heros.
2 aliph 5
QUOTE(Skull-Buster @ Dec 19 2007, 11:07 PM) *
Anyways, AQ Khan was a vital member of the whole process. it should not matter who is the father, everyone who contributed in making us a nuclear power are heros.


Not the whole process bro. Only Enrichment.

I agree with you that anyone who contributed in anyway should be considered a hero.

HKK
QUOTE(2 aliph 5 @ Dec 18 2007, 07:42 PM) *
Abdul Qadeer Khan is not the father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

Sir Munir Ahmed is the real father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

Abdul Qadeer Khan is only credited for providing the enriched uranium.

Munir Ahmed is Credited with providing Plutonium, desginging the bomb and all parts inside the bomb.



Pakistani nukes are totally based on enrich uranium core. We dont have Plutonium based wareheads. AQ Khan and his team were responsible for developing this enrich uranium core for warheads. He may not be the sole person responsible for our nuclear status but he and his team contribution is second to none.

With regards to Munir Ahmed, he was trying to persue Plutonium route for the bomb which was not going anywhere. This prompted ZA bhutto to invite AQ khan to head his own program independant of PAEC for uranium enrichment. Rest is history.

And please stop comparing Munir Ahmed with AQ Khan. All PAEC did was to design the warhead which by the way is not a difficult task but to provide the core for the bomb (Uranium or PO) is the most difficult bit. That is why AQ khan is more entitled to be refered as father Pakistan nukes.
SSPanzer
QUOTE(HKK @ Dec 20 2007, 07:57 PM) *
Pakistani nukes are totally based on enrich uranium core. We dont have Plutonium based wareheads. AQ Khan and his team were responsible for developing this enrich uranium core for warheads. He may not be the sole person responsible for our nuclear status but he and his team contribution is second to none.

With regards to Munir Ahmed, he was trying to persue Plutonium route for the bomb which was not going anywhere. This prompted ZA bhutto to invite AQ khan to head his own program independant of PAEC for uranium enrichment. Rest is history.

And please stop comparing Munir Ahmed with AQ Khan. All PAEC did was to design the warhead which by the way is not a difficult task but to provide the core for the bomb (Uranium or PO) is the most difficult bit. That is why AQ khan is more entitled to be refered as father Pakistan nukes.


OK so how do we enrich uranium then? If warhead design and development is so easy, how many countries have been able to do it by now?

Ever heard of Khushab reactor or New Labs?
2 aliph 5
QUOTE(HKK @ Dec 20 2007, 09:57 AM) *
Pakistani nukes are totally based on enrich uranium core. We dont have Plutonium based wareheads. AQ Khan and his team were responsible for developing this enrich uranium core for warheads. He may not be the sole person responsible for our nuclear status but he and his team contribution is second to none.

With regards to Munir Ahmed, he was trying to persue Plutonium route for the bomb which was not going anywhere. This prompted ZA bhutto to invite AQ khan to head his own program independant of PAEC for uranium enrichment. Rest is history.

And please stop comparing Munir Ahmed with AQ Khan. All PAEC did was to design the warhead which by the way is not a difficult task but to provide the core for the bomb (Uranium or PO) is the most difficult bit. That is why AQ khan is more entitled to be refered as father Pakistan nukes.


Actually, the bomb detonoted in the second round was Plutonium based so your first paragraph is void that all Pakistani nukes are based on Enriched Uranium core.

Second paragraph is debatable. Pakistan was having difficulty in acquiring the equipment and the pace was being slowed down and not stalled or stopped. With the arrival of AQ Khan, the program did gain momentum becaause now Pakistan had two parallel programs for the fuel. And by the way incase you dont know, it was again PAEC that helped AQ Khan operationlizing the centrifuges.

Do you even know how hard is it to design a bomb that actually works? Iran couldnt made one despite having the blue prints. Do some research on Khushab and New Labs.

Let me try to tell you in easier language so that you will understand better. Munir Ahmed is credited with building a car as well as producing petrol whereas AQ Khan is credited with only producing diesel for the car.
chief1
QUOTE(2 aliph 5 @ Dec 20 2007, 07:38 AM) *
^^^

AQ Lab was only producing Enriched Uranium.

Everything else was being produced by PAEC through NESCOM. Even the plutonium is coming from Khushab reactor.

Removal of AQ Khan was never going to end anything anyways.



who made ghuri missile? = Aq khan
who made Anza missile = Aq khan
who enriched Uranium?= aqkhan

why not we test long range ghuri missile after AQ khan

you should know that uranim enriching process main point of making a A bomb.
without uranium you cant even think abt atomic bomb.
it is same like that you have water tanker without water.
Stop making fool to peoples. And do not repeat same thing in every Aq khan thread.
you dumbo....
kal ka hero aj ka mujram ..... theek taffo bhai jassi sooch ha teri.
samar mand speaking for cheap papularity and he following mushy abot aq khan issue!
you cantjudge who is true without listening 2 persons views.
is there any proof that smar mand speaking truth? he is following mushy.

samar mand is the junior of AQ khan. AQ khan transer tech to other Pak scientist
SSPanzer
QUOTE(chief1 @ Dec 23 2007, 05:12 AM) *
who made ghuri missile? = Aq khan
who made Anza missile = Aq khan
who enriched Uranium?= aqkhan

why not we test long range ghuri missile after AQ khan

you should know that uranim enriching process main point of making a A bomb.
without uranium you cant even think abt atomic bomb.
it is same like that you have water tanker without water.
Stop making fool to peoples. And do not repeat same thing in every Aq khan thread.
you dumbo....
kal ka hero aj ka mujram ..... theek taffo bhai jassi sooch ha teri.
samar mand speaking for cheap papularity and he following mushy abot aq khan issue!
you cantjudge who is true without listening 2 persons views.
is there any proof that smar mand speaking truth? he is following mushy.

samar mand is the junior of AQ khan. AQ khan transer tech to other Pak scientist




Samar Mubarakmand is part of PAEC since 1962! He carried out the 1998 nuclear tests at Chaghi as head of the 140 member PAEC team, when AQ Khan was invited there as a guest along with others to witness the test. Samar was also head of the National Development Complex during the 1990s that produced the solid fuelled Shaheen missile systems.

About uranium enrichment, there can be no enrichment without the following steps which form part of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle.

1) Uranium exploration and prospection
2) Uranium Mining, Refining and Production of Yellow Cake
3) Uranium Conversion and Production of Uranium Hexafluoride gas or UF6, which is the form in which uranium is enriched through all methods. It is this gas which is enriched through the gas-centrifuges to weapons grade.

Enrichment does not begin at KRL altogether. UF6 is as critical to enrichment as are the centrifuges. And producing UF6 is no child's play either. It involves the complete mastery over fluorine chemistry and production of hydrofluoric acid which is used to treat the yellow cake which is converted first into uranium tetrafluoride and then into UF6. UF6 is highly corrosive and toxic and presents immense personal hazards to men and machine alike. Iran has been able to construct working centrifuges, so had Iraq, and Libya too got them from AQ Khan. But without the UF6, the feed material that is supposed to be enriched, they have proven to be useless. In Iran's case, it is still struggling to produce purity free high quality UF6 by the ton. There is no other way that enrichment can be done, either by centrifuge or diffusion, the two known industrial scale production processes. To produce UF6, PAEC set up a series of 7 chemical plants and a yellow cake plant at Baghalchur

Enriching uranium is not the end of the story. After enriched uranium, it has to be converted into metal without which the enriched uranium cannot be used in the core of the nuclear device. Then complete mastery over the nuclear weapons design, development and testing has to be acquired. This in itself is very high technology. In the last 50 years, three large and well known US Labs have been engaged in warhead design and development R&D. If bomb design and development was so easy, then why would the US dedicated three of its main nuclear labs, namely, Los Alamos, Sandia and Lawrence Livermore National Labs to nuclear weapons design and development?

So to be able to build a deliverable nuclear weapon, an implosion design has to be perfected. This includes very complex physics calculations, developing a neutron trigger, developing highly specialised high-explosive lenses which are symmetrically arranged in a circle around the core of the device. Inside the core, a few grams of tritium is also used to boost the overall yield of the bomb. Then it also requires complete mastery over high speed electronics and developing sophisticated triggering circuits to detonate the high explosives simultaneously with the precision of ONE NANO SECOND. At this precise moment, the neutron trigger also needs to be initiated which may either be polonium-210 mixed with beryllium metal or tritium itself. Then you need neutron reflectors/ tampers of U-238. All this has to be built with very high precision and packaged together so that it can be easily carried by an aircraft or missile. Then you will need testing capabilities, which again requires very high precision electronics and high speed computers to record the data in a split second of the performance and yield of the bomb during a cold or hot test. A dependable and working nuclear device can only be made possible after it is proven in cold or hot tests. For this PAEC developed different specialized groups for each of these technologies, working under its Directorate of Technical Development (DTD)

Then, apart from enriched uranium, there is another material used in atomic bombs, which is much more powerful, efficient and destructive, and that is plutonium. That is why Plutonium has been the first choice of every country that built an arsenal of nuclear weapons. For that a country will have to have an indigenous nuclear fuel fabrication capability to produce fuel for a natural uranium fuelled, heavy water moderated nuclear reactor like KANUPP or KHUSHAB, which produce plutonium in their spent fuel. This also requires a reprocessing capability to extract the plutonium-239 from the spent fuel. Tritium is also obtained from heavy water reactors. Again this PU-239 will have to be converted into metal to be used in a bomb. Also, tritium is the material used in building thermonuclear or hydrogen bombs. And building neutron, high yield atomic or hydrogen bombs is all about nuclear weapons designs. It takes only 3-4 kg of PU-239 for one atomic bomb compared to 20-25 kg of highly enriched uranium for the same bomb. Also, plutonium bombs are the best and ideally suited for missiles and aircraft because with plutonium, the bombs can easily be made small in size but greater in yield, thus making advanced compact warheads possible. Uranium cannot be miniaturized beyond a certain limit. That is why uranium bombs are bulkier, heavy and difficult to be fitted onto missiles. For this PAEC developed the Khushab plutonium production reactor, a nuclear fuel fabrication plant that also produces indigenous fuel for Karachi nuclear power plant (KANUPP) , a heavy water plant, a tritium production plant and a reprocessing plant at New Labs.

The uranium enrichment project itself was begun by PAEC in 1974 whose manpower had all come from PAEC, and by 1976, critical materials, machines and equipment needed for the plant were put in place by PAEC, in addition to the procurement of know-how of designs of the centrifuge and setting up of complete uranium enrichment plant from Italy, among other sources. PAEC also had complete designs of Zippe-type centrifuge from open scientific literature which is the basis of all centrifuge designs. KRL was able to develop centrifuges due to indigenous effort by its scientists and engineers.

So to accomplish all this, PAEC established the following high technology laboratories and projects from 1972 to the mid 1990s. This was all done by PAEC scientists and engineers under a nuclear engineer, Munir Ahmad Khan, in over 20 labs and projects, every one the size of KRL.

1. Theoretical Physics Group
2. Fast Neutron Physics Group
3. Diagnostics Group
4. Wah Group
5. Trigger Mechanism Group
6. Tritium Production Plant
7. Heavy Water Plant
8. Plutonium Production Khushab reactor
9. New Labs reprocessing plant
10. Baghalchur uranium refining and yellow cake plant
11. Chemcial Production Complex for UF6 production (This consists of 7 chemical plants)
12. Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex
13. Uranium Metal Lab
14. Centre for Nuclear Studies
15. Karachi Nuclear Power Training Centre
16. Zirconium Tube Plant
17. Heavy Mechanical Complex-3
18. National Development Complex (NDC)
19. National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing
20 Pakistan Welding Institute
21. Optic Laser Group
22. PARR-1 & 2
23. Nuclear Materials Division, PINSTECH
24. Radio Isotope and Applications Division, PINSTECH
25. Solid State Nuclear Track Labs
26. 325 MW Chashma nuclear plant
27. Uranium Enrichment Project as Project-706.
28. Quality Assurance Labs
29. Directorate of Technical Procurement
30. Chaghi and Kharan hot test sites
31. Kirana Hills cold test sites
32. Computer Training Centre

So as Libya, Iran, North Korea (that has a plutonium program also) and Iraq all had been successful in either building or procuring ready-made centrifuges, then why is it that they have not been able to produce a bomb that uses enriched uranium? North Korea had a plutonium program and its nuclear test was based on a bomb that used plutonium at its core. Whatever AQ Khan gave to Iran or Libya was only one small part of enrichment technology which itself is one part of the nuclear fuel cycle, which again is one part of a nuclear weapons program.

For any country that wishes to build a bomb, the above-mentioned technologies have to be mastered, every one of which is critical to bomb making. Uranium enrichment is not needed if a country has a plutonium program.

Pakistan became a nuclear power on May 28, 1998 when PAEC successfully demonstrated Pakistan's nuclear capability by exploding 5 atomic bombs that were all boosted fission devices of various yields. It was all the culmination of a huge team effort that essentially began with the setting up of PAEC in 1956. AQ Khan was only 1/20 th part of a very big nuclear program and KRL like PAEC owes it success to the team effort of its scientists and engineers.

As for Ghauri, it is a liquid fuelled missile that needs hours of preparation and fuelling time before launch. It was essentially a North Korean No-Dong missile (like Anza) that was painted Ghauri on its first test. Later NDC and NESCOM took over this missile's development work also. Ghauri has now been eclipsed by a whole range of read to fire, solid fuelled missiles built by PAEC/NDC and now NESCOM.

Samar is not the only one who has been saying all this, it is only that he is more vocal, and he has been saying all this before Musharraf became Army Chief in 1998.

ali786
aslaam brother
<p>
I really wanted to say that doc abdul qadeer is pakistan national hero, i can still rmember when pakistan tested bomb in 1999, everyone were saying dr qadeer etc, all talking about him etc and now just cz mushraff wnts u use him for sumtin n then u suddenly hear ppl sayin oh he is not the real father of bomb, wel who cares if he is not. cz for me he still father of pakistan bomb, i mean look at 1999, everyone considered him hero and now just cz he sold some equipment to other countries he suddenly not a hero. then u see pakistan leader musharaff saying dat he not the real one etc. just all politics bros trust me.safe
2 aliph 5


Link

For those who are willing to learn the truth.
SSPanzer
QUOTE(2 aliph 5 @ Dec 24 2007, 02:11 AM) *
Link

For those who are willing to learn the truth.


Below are the views of yet another nuclear scientist.

The Post, August 15, 2007.

Obituary
HAFEEZ QURESHI, A GREAT SCIENTIST PASSES AWAY.


Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood

On the night of Miraj-un-Nabih (SAW), Mr. Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi, a great nuclear scientist of Pakistan and a great friend passed away. What other night could have been better for him to start his eternal journey.

He was an unsung hero who always preferred to work in low key and very few people in Pakistan knew him though he was the head of the famous "Wah" Group in Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, which was responsible for the development of Pakistan's nuclear weapons.

Mr Hafeez Qureshi had a Masters Degree in Nuclear/Mechanical Engineering from Michigan State University. He was the pioneer and founder director of "Wah" Group from its inception in 1974 till early 1990s. He also served as Director-General of Directorate of Technical Development, PAEC. He as head of the "Wah" Group had the distinction of supervising and carrying out Pakistan's cold nuclear test program.

Mr. Hafeez Qureshi was an extremely hard working, dedicated and patriotic scientist. He had a passion to work with his own hands. I remember having met him for the first time in 1963 when we joined PAEC's Lahore Centre, and Mr. Hafeez Qureshi could be seen most of the time in the workshop at the back of the Centre, developing some mechanical devices.

My first direct experience of working with him was in 1967 when Dr. Naeem Ahmad Khan, who was head of Nuclear Physics Division of Lahore Centre, and who on his own initiative began a centrifuge based uranium enrichment study group with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Mr. Hafeez Qureshi and myself being its members. Hafeez's enthusiasm was inspiring for all of us and he was known to be adept in the art of solving complex mechanical problems. This group however, could not continue for long at that time as we got dispersed.

Then I got a more intimate opportunity to work side by side Mr. Hafeez Qureshi when we got together again in 1974 under the dynamic leadership of late Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan, chairman PAEC, when he formed various specialized groups within PAEC to make Pakistan a nuclear power. In March 1974, Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan called a meeting and appointed Mr. Hafeez Qureshi as head of the "Wah" Group that was given the task of developing the mechanics of the nuclear device, which was indeed a Herculean task to accomplish in a developing country like Pakistan.

The "Wah" Group's tasks also included development of various high precision mechanical and chemical components, high explosives and triggering mechanisms for nuclear weapons. Mr. Hafeez Qureshi took this as a challenge with great confidence and provided a remarkable leadership in carrying out this most complex job in the shortest possible time. As of late 1974, I was heading the uranium enrichment project, so we were supposed to supplement each other and we used to have many crucial technical meetings, sometimes alone and sometimes with Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan.

Mr. Hafeez Qureshi led his team through his personal example and shared his knowledge openly and frankly with his junior colleagues at great length. His attention to detail was another one of his personality traits that enabled him to lead his team to success. He was a very humble, deeply religious and impeccably honest person who was imbued with a spirit of sacrifice and he would happily share credit with his team members for all the work that was accomplished in his guidance.

Many scientists who worked with Mr. Hafeez Qureshi as a team, emerged under his guidance as scientists of great repute and capability, prominent among them Dr. Samar Mubarakmand. Mr Hafeez Qureshi has left behind a great legacy of honesty, self-sacrifice and splendid work ethics in which he, true to the work culture of PAEC, believed and followed the principle of not working for credit, fame or money, but as a lifelong commitment to serve Pakistan.

After retirement from PAEC, Mr. Hafeez Qureshi continued to serve the country and remained associated with Pakistan's strategic programmes till his death. In his death, the nation has lost a great man and I personally a great colleague and friend. In recognition of his contribution to Pakistan's nuclear programme, he was awarded the Sitara-I-Imtiaz by the Government of Pakistan.

His death reminds me of another great scientist, Abdul Majid Chaudhry, who left us a few months ago. What an ungrateful nation we are that our great heroes pass away and yet they remain unsung and our younger generation continues to remain deprived of the knowledge of their contribution and service to Pakistan.

I wish him eternal happiness in the world hereafter and pray that may Almighty Allah accept his great contribution to Pakistan's nuclear programme. I also pray that the Almighty may also grant the fortitude and strength to his family to overcome his tragic loss.

The writer is former Director General (Nuclear Power) of Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.
The Architect
QUOTE(SSPanzer @ Dec 23 2007, 01:35 PM) *
Samar Mubarakmand is part of PAEC since 1962! He carried out the 1998 nuclear tests at Chaghi as head of the 140 member PAEC team, when AQ Khan was invited there as a guest along with others to witness the test. Samar was also head of the National Development Complex during the 1990s that produced the solid fuelled Shaheen missile systems.

About uranium enrichment, there can be no enrichment without the following steps which form part of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle.

1) Uranium exploration and prospection
2) Uranium Mining, Refining and Production of Yellow Cake
3) Uranium Conversion and Production of Uranium Hexafluoride gas or UF6, which is the form in which uranium is enriched through all methods. It is this gas which is enriched through the gas-centrifuges to weapons grade.

Enrichment does not begin at KRL altogether. UF6 is as critical to enrichment as are the centrifuges. And producing UF6 is no child's play either. It involves the complete mastery over fluorine chemistry and production of hydrofluoric acid which is used to treat the yellow cake which is converted first into uranium tetrafluoride and then into UF6. UF6 is highly corrosive and toxic and presents immense personal hazards to men and machine alike. Iran has been able to construct working centrifuges, so had Iraq, and Libya too got them from AQ Khan. But without the UF6, the feed material that is supposed to be enriched, they have proven to be useless. In Iran's case, it is still struggling to produce purity free high quality UF6 by the ton. There is no other way that enrichment can be done, either by centrifuge or diffusion, the two known industrial scale production processes. To produce UF6, PAEC set up a series of 7 chemical plants and a yellow cake plant at Baghalchur

Enriching uranium is not the end of the story. After enriched uranium, it has to be converted into metal without which the enriched uranium cannot be used in the core of the nuclear device. Then complete mastery over the nuclear weapons design, development and testing has to be acquired. This in itself is very high technology. In the last 50 years, three large and well known US Labs have been engaged in warhead design and development R&D. If bomb design and development was so easy, then why would the US dedicated three of its main nuclear labs, namely, Los Alamos, Sandia and Lawrence Livermore National Labs to nuclear weapons design and development?

So to be able to build a deliverable nuclear weapon, an implosion design has to be perfected. This includes very complex physics calculations, developing a neutron trigger, developing highly specialised high-explosive lenses which are symmetrically arranged in a circle around the core of the device. Inside the core, a few grams of tritium is also used to boost the overall yield of the bomb. Then it also requires complete mastery over high speed electronics and developing sophisticated triggering circuits to detonate the high explosives simultaneously with the precision of ONE NANO SECOND. At this precise moment, the neutron trigger also needs to be initiated which may either be polonium-210 mixed with beryllium metal or tritium itself. Then you need neutron reflectors/ tampers of U-238. All this has to be built with very high precision and packaged together so that it can be easily carried by an aircraft or missile. Then you will need testing capabilities, which again requires very high precision electronics and high speed computers to record the data in a split second of the performance and yield of the bomb during a cold or hot test. A dependable and working nuclear device can only be made possible after it is proven in cold or hot tests. For this PAEC developed different specialized groups for each of these technologies, working under its Directorate of Technical Development (DTD)

Then, apart from enriched uranium, there is another material used in atomic bombs, which is much more powerful, efficient and destructive, and that is plutonium. That is why Plutonium has been the first choice of every country that built an arsenal of nuclear weapons. For that a country will have to have an indigenous nuclear fuel fabrication capability to produce fuel for a natural uranium fuelled, heavy water moderated nuclear reactor like KANUPP or KHUSHAB, which produce plutonium in their spent fuel. This also requires a reprocessing capability to extract the plutonium-239 from the spent fuel. Tritium is also obtained from heavy water reactors. Again this PU-239 will have to be converted into metal to be used in a bomb. Also, tritium is the material used in building thermonuclear or hydrogen bombs. And building neutron, high yield atomic or hydrogen bombs is all about nuclear weapons designs. It takes only 3-4 kg of PU-239 for one atomic bomb compared to 20-25 kg of highly enriched uranium for the same bomb. Also, plutonium bombs are the best and ideally suited for missiles and aircraft because with plutonium, the bombs can easily be made small in size but greater in yield, thus making advanced compact warheads possible. Uranium cannot be miniaturized beyond a certain limit. That is why uranium bombs are bulkier, heavy and difficult to be fitted onto missiles. For this PAEC developed the Khushab plutonium production reactor, a nuclear fuel fabrication plant that also produces indigenous fuel for Karachi nuclear power plant (KANUPP) , a heavy water plant, a tritium production plant and a reprocessing plant at New Labs.

The uranium enrichment project itself was begun by PAEC in 1974 whose manpower had all come from PAEC, and by 1976, critical materials, machines and equipment needed for the plant were put in place by PAEC, in addition to the procurement of know-how of designs of the centrifuge and setting up of complete uranium enrichment plant from Italy, among other sources. PAEC also had complete designs of Zippe-type centrifuge from open scientific literature which is the basis of all centrifuge designs. KRL was able to develop centrifuges due to indigenous effort by its scientists and engineers.

So to accomplish all this, PAEC established the following high technology laboratories and projects from 1972 to the mid 1990s. This was all done by PAEC scientists and engineers under a nuclear engineer, Munir Ahmad Khan, in over 20 labs and projects, every one the size of KRL.

1. Theoretical Physics Group
2. Fast Neutron Physics Group
3. Diagnostics Group
4. Wah Group
5. Trigger Mechanism Group
6. Tritium Production Plant
7. Heavy Water Plant
8. Plutonium Production Khushab reactor
9. New Labs reprocessing plant
10. Baghalchur uranium refining and yellow cake plant
11. Chemcial Production Complex for UF6 production (This consists of 7 chemical plants)
12. Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex
13. Uranium Metal Lab
14. Centre for Nuclear Studies
15. Karachi Nuclear Power Training Centre
16. Zirconium Tube Plant
17. Heavy Mechanical Complex-3
18. National Development Complex (NDC)
19. National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing
20 Pakistan Welding Institute
21. Optic Laser Group
22. PARR-1 & 2
23. Nuclear Materials Division, PINSTECH
24. Radio Isotope and Applications Division, PINSTECH
25. Solid State Nuclear Track Labs
26. 325 MW Chashma nuclear plant
27. Uranium Enrichment Project as Project-706.
28. Quality Assurance Labs
29. Directorate of Technical Procurement
30. Chaghi and Kharan hot test sites
31. Kirana Hills cold test sites
32. Computer Training Centre

So as Libya, Iran, North Korea (that has a plutonium program also) and Iraq all had been successful in either building or procuring ready-made centrifuges, then why is it that they have not been able to produce a bomb that uses enriched uranium? North Korea had a plutonium program and its nuclear test was based on a bomb that used plutonium at its core. Whatever AQ Khan gave to Iran or Libya was only one small part of enrichment technology which itself is one part of the nuclear fuel cycle, which again is one part of a nuclear weapons program.

For any country that wishes to build a bomb, the above-mentioned technologies have to be mastered, every one of which is critical to bomb making. Uranium enrichment is not needed if a country has a plutonium program.

Pakistan became a nuclear power on May 28, 1998 when PAEC successfully demonstrated Pakistan's nuclear capability by exploding 5 atomic bombs that were all boosted fission devices of various yields. It was all the culmination of a huge team effort that essentially began with the setting up of PAEC in 1956. AQ Khan was only 1/20 th part of a very big nuclear program and KRL like PAEC owes it success to the team effort of its scientists and engineers.

As for Ghauri, it is a liquid fuelled missile that needs hours of preparation and fuelling time before launch. It was essentially a North Korean No-Dong missile (like Anza) that was painted Ghauri on its first test. Later NDC and NESCOM took over this missile's development work also. Ghauri has now been eclipsed by a whole range of read to fire, solid fuelled missiles built by PAEC/NDC and now NESCOM.

Samar is not the only one who has been saying all this, it is only that he is more vocal, and he has been saying all this before Musharraf became Army Chief in 1998.



I have to hand it to you my friend, this was a pretty good answer.


A
demonslayer
This is indeed shameful and disgraceful to say the least. How can all you guys argue about one of our national hero A.Q. Khan over the other hero Mubarakand. I just dont get it. One guys has a specific agenda to malign our hero A.Q. Khan and from his posts you can observe that he only posts negative views on A. Q. Khan otherwise he does not take part in any of the discussions. Well this guy seems to really hit the low when he tows the lines of the Indians and the Western world that Ghauri missiles are just No-Dong missiles from N. Korea painted over.Now this is really patriotism to the core. Shameful.

Any Bhindian reading this thread will be laughing and enjoying reading so much division here.

The topic was our national hero-A. Q. Khan and thats the truth. No one should argue about it. Now what he did and what the other scientists did is a different matter. If Dr. Mubarakand and PAEC did all the work than they are also our heroes and no one should argue about that.

Gimme a break. If we are so foollish as to argue on such a useless point of whon is the greatest hero than shame on us all.
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The Architect
QUOTE(demonslayer @ Dec 25 2007, 12:13 PM) *
Gimme a break. If we are so foollish as to argue on such a useless point of whon is the greatest hero than shame on us all.
gun_bandana.gif gun_bandana.gif gun_bandana.gif gun_bandana.gif


Come on bro, I don't think anyone here is out to insult one over the other.

The fact is that AQ Khan is generally given the lion's share of credit for Pakistan's nuclear capability, although there are also others who played a huge role in bringing this about as well.

I have full admiration and respect for any person who so much as lifted a finger for the sake of Pakistan, and I'm sure the other Pakistanis on this board think the same way also.


A
2 aliph 5
QUOTE(demonslayer @ Dec 25 2007, 07:13 AM) *


No one is denying that A Q Khan is a national hero. He is. I have already said it in my post number 7 ! So we are in full agreement over the national hero subject.

At the heart of issue is the disputable and wrong claim that A Q Khan is the father of Pakistani bomb which he is not.

Aq made the fuel : Enriched Uranium.

Munir Ahmed also made the fuel : Plutonium + the rest of the whole bomb.

I leave the rest to your own personal judgement who should be given the credit.

demonslayer
QUOTE(2 aliph 5 @ Dec 25 2007, 01:21 PM) *
No one is denying that A Q Khan is a national hero. He is. I have already said it in my post number 7 ! So we are in full agreement over the national hero subject.

At the heart of issue is the disputable and wrong claim that A Q Khan is the father of Pakistani bomb which he is not.

Aq made the fuel : Enriched Uranium.

Munir Ahmed also made the fuel : Plutonium + the rest of the whole bomb.

I leave the rest to your own personal judgement who should be given the credit.



Well only misinformed people think that it was only AQ Khan who made the bomb. It is widely known that there were many scientists involved from Munir Ahmed to Samar Mubarakand. AQ Khan only had just one part which was enriching uranium. No one should take credit away from anyone of our sceintists.It is the media who gives him the credit, especially the international media who portrays that it was only AQ Khan who made the bomb and that is why everyone thinks like that. The other scientists do not get any mention. But thats not AQ Khan's fault. Also, it is difficult to decide who is the father of the bomb. There are many candidates from Bhutto who started the project to these sceintists.If everyone really wants to choose who is the father of the bomb than probably we should put that to vote.
1pakistani
QUOTE(demonslayer @ Jan 1 2008, 11:58 AM) *
Well only misinformed people think that it was only AQ Khan who made the bomb. It is widely known that there were many scientists involved from Munir Ahmed to Samar Mubarakand. AQ Khan only had just one part which was enriching uranium. No one should take credit away from anyone of our sceintists.It is the media who gives him the credit, especially the international media who portrays that it was only AQ Khan who made the bomb and that is why everyone thinks like that. The other scientists do not get any mention. But thats not AQ Khan's fault. Also, it is difficult to decide who is the father of the bomb. There are many candidates from Bhutto who started the project to these sceintists.If everyone really wants to choose who is the father of the bomb than probably we should put that to vote.


How abt giving that crown to Pakistani Nation and Pakistani people. Both suffered heavily during inorder to achieve this and it Pakistani nation which kick started this program and had one of the scientist died he would have been replaced by another scientist.

So the true father of the bomb is Pakistan nation and u can add its public to it. But It was done through the great efforts of Pakistani scientists and its organistaions. And less end the discussion there.


AS for AQ KHAN issue. If he is or if he isnt the father of the bomb should be irrelavent, as i said is the nation who should get credit for it. But the main concern is whether we should hand over AQ KHAN.

Now y should we hand him over, its okay for west to do what it takes and arm Israel to teeth and now giving nuke to indian and than come and give us lectures abt this. Beisde AQ Khan is Pakistani citizen and if he breeched any laws he breeched Pakistani laws and he should be only investigated and handled according to our law. Its not international problem its our personal problem end of discussion. Also they(west) cant even prove anything against him in their own courts so whats the whole fuss is abt.

I HOPE GOP has enough balls to tell the world to get F.uked since its our issue.
instantexcess
He is our National Hero


It dosen't matter what the GoP had to do to save its neck. But the fact that he is a National Hero is as true as the heart beat of every Pakistani.


demonslayer
QUOTE(1pakistani @ Dec 31 2007, 10:25 PM) *
How abt giving that crown to Pakistani Nation and Pakistani people. Both suffered heavily during inorder to achieve this and it Pakistani nation which kick started this program and had one of the scientist died he would have been replaced by another scientist.

So the true father of the bomb is Pakistan nation and u can add its public to it. But It was done through the great efforts of Pakistani scientists and its organistaions. And less end the discussion there.
AS for AQ KHAN issue. If he is or if he isnt the father of the bomb should be irrelavent, as i said is the nation who should get credit for it. But the main concern is whether we should hand over AQ KHAN.

Now y should we hand him over, its okay for west to do what it takes and arm Israel to teeth and now giving nuke to indian and than come and give us lectures abt this. Beisde AQ Khan is Pakistani citizen and if he breeched any laws he breeched Pakistani laws and he should be only investigated and handled according to our law. Its not international problem its our personal problem end of discussion. Also they(west) cant even prove anything against him in their own courts so whats the whole fuss is abt.

I HOPE GOP has enough balls to tell the world to get F.uked since its our issue.



100% agree on that.Good one.

QUOTE(instantexcess @ Jan 1 2008, 12:18 AM) *
He is our National Hero
It dosen't matter what the GoP had to do to save its neck. But the fact that he is a National Hero is as true as the heart beat of every Pakistani.


You got that right.Him and all other Pakistani scientists.
Jazba-e-Kashmir
Dr Khan undergoes medical check-up



ISLAMABAD: Prominent nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadir Khan underwent a medical check-up at Al-Shifa International hospital here on Thursday. According to a private TV channel, several cardiac tests were performed during the check-up and he was administered medicine to bring down his blood pressure. Dr AQ Khan had experienced fainting spells a couple of days ago due to high blood pressure and was also experiencing severe pain in the back.





The News - Jang
must7
Now y should we hand him over, its okay for west to do what it takes and arm Israel to teeth and now giving nuke to indian and than come and give us lectures abt this. Beisde AQ Khan is Pakistani citizen and if he breeched any laws he breeched Pakistani laws and he should be only investigated and handled according to our law. Its not international problem its our personal problem end of discussion. Also they(west) cant even prove anything against him in their own courts so whats the whole fuss is abt.

I HOPE GOP has enough balls to tell the world to get F.uked since its our issue.


1Pakistani .. very well said, we paid with sanctions for nuclear technology & now the WEST who have twisted as many laws as presently available for their own interest, are out there trying to preach us ! What hypocricy ... Where were they when India moved it's half a million troops on jacked up claims of terrorism ! Where were they when India blew nuclear bomb and claimed it to be "Smilling Budha" .. why they did not put sanctions on other countries like India & Israel and only came up with sanctions when we followed suite !

Our middle finger is the best reply to them !
DarkAngel
2 aliph stop acting stupid and appreciate the mans work, i dont care how small the part he played was, fact is he played a part,and i dont care if chutto wants to take the credit or musharaf or the other goons, he still remains a person whos done alot for pakistan, protect him and protect all the others as well. respect them dont humiliatte them.
OmaR UK
Hope the guys alright after his heart attack a week or so ago.
SSPanzer
QUOTE(DarkAngel @ Apr 6 2008, 01:28 AM) *
2 aliph stop acting stupid and appreciate the mans work, i dont care how small the part he played was, fact is he played a part,and i dont care if chutto wants to take the credit or musharaf or the other goons, he still remains a person whos done alot for pakistan, protect him and protect all the others as well. respect them dont humiliatte them.


So who is the chutto and who are the other goons?
whocares
I think something the majority of you are overlooking is Dr Khan's greatest sacrifice his lie. Has it ever occured to you he admitted this ring in the first place, and took the blame himself 100% so that Pakistan would not have to face any sort of sanctions.

I mean ehseh kabhi mehsus hua, ke unho ne bus poora atom bomb ka khudee bandobus karliya tha?
must7
I think something the majority of you are overlooking is Dr Khan's greatest sacrifice his lie. Has it ever occured to you he admitted this ring in the first place, and took the blame himself 100% so that Pakistan would not have to face any sort of sanctions.

I mean ehseh kabhi mehsus hua, ke unho ne bus poora atom bomb ka khudee bandobus karliya tha?


I think you also forget the personal accounts which Dr. A.Q. Khan had & don't forget he was trying to go abroad no wonder he was on the ECL (exit control list). Just imagne for a moment if the West or Israel would have got hold of him !

Having said that he was part of the greatest achievement of our country, but mind you there were even more greater people who dedicated their lives & never got any press coverage .. & those were the PAEC guys .. They were the backbone including Mr. Munir Ahmed but this is for people who remembers the early 80's ! That's when our atomic bomb was actually ready.
whocares
QUOTE(must7 @ Apr 7 2008, 09:59 AM) *
I think something the majority of you are overlooking is Dr Khan's greatest sacrifice his lie. Has it ever occured to you he admitted this ring in the first place, and took the blame himself 100% so that Pakistan would not have to face any sort of sanctions.

I mean ehseh kabhi mehsus hua, ke unho ne bus poora atom bomb ka khudee bandobus karliya tha?


I think you also forget the personal accounts which Dr. A.Q. Khan had & don't forget he was trying to go abroad no wonder he was on the ECL (exit control list). Just imagne for a moment if the West or Israel would have got hold of him !

Having said that he was part of the greatest achievement of our country, but mind you there were even more greater people who dedicated their lives & never got any press coverage .. & those were the PAEC guys .. They were the backbone including Mr. Munir Ahmed but this is for people who remembers the early 80's ! That's when our atomic bomb was actually ready.

Your point only goes to support mine. There were a lot more guys who would have been caught in this racket, but they didn't because Abdul Qadeer Khan had a policy of plausible denability. He and he alone got into trouble so that the Pakistan wouldn't be internationally condemned and isolated.

All the idiots who blame Musharaff for his imprisonment don't know that he was willing to do so.
DarkAngel
forget em whocares, i dont like musharaf one bit and i differ with u on that matter, but on this matter these people represent taht component of pakistans society that has never done anything, and would sooner see those who have done something dead than otherwise.
JF 17 Thunder
AQ Khan allowed to visit friends
Thursday, May 22, 2008


ISLAMABAD: Authorities on Wednesday allowed nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan to make a rare trip from his home.

Reached by telephone, Khan confirmed television reports that he visited the Academy of Sciences to offer condolences over the death of its secretary general Iftikhar Malik, a friend and former colleague. “I requested and they were kind enough to allow because it was a sad occasion,” Khan told the Associated Press by telephone. “So I just condoled for the death of my old colleague and had a cup of tea with (another former academy official) Dr Shami and came back.” ap


Daily Times
saleemraja
Well the real "fathers" of the a-bomb are the Curies who discovered radium etc. Without the fuel there would be no car and without enriched uranium there could be no credible nuclear programme. Where was Pakistan's nuke programme before Dr Qadeer? He was poached by PAKISTAN GOVERNMENT from a well paid job in europe.

Dr Qadeer Khan is no doubt Pakistan's greatest hero. Its time he was freed and rewarded for his sacrifices and PML has my total support in this regard. Any one who is anti Dr Qadeer is anti-Pakistan and is a traitor to the cause of Pakistan.

Pakistan Zindabad, Dr Qadeer Zindabad

QUOTE(2 aliph 5 @ Dec 18 2007, 01:42 PM) *
Abdul Qadeer Khan is not the father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

Sir Munir Ahmed is the real father of Pakistan's nuclear bomb.

Abdul Qadeer Khan is only credited for providing the enriched uranium.

Munir Ahmed is Credited with providing Plutonium, desginging the bomb and all parts inside the bomb.
JF 17 Thunder
IHC seeks record of AQ Khan’s detention
Wednesday, May 28, 2008


ISLAMABAD: A single-member bench of the Islamabad High Court on Tuesday ordered the deputy attorney general (DAG) to produce in court on Wednesday (today) the record detailing nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan’s alleged detention.

Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam issued the direction while hearing a habeas corpus petition by Barrister Javed Iqbal Jafri against the alleged detention and restrictions on Dr AQ Khan’s movements. The petitioner said that Dr Khan had been kept under ‘unjustified’ house arrest for the last four years. He said that the scientist was denied meetings with relatives. He said that the Interior secretary had flouted a court order to submit a report on the issue within seven days.

DAG Khalid Abbas said that he had yet to receive the report from the ministry. masood rehman


Daily Times
JF 17 Thunder
AQ Khan criticises Musharraf
Friday, May 30, 2008


ISLAMABAD: The country has “gone to the dogs” in the last 10 years, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan said on Thursday, rebuking President Pervez Musharraf, AP reported.

Khan told Dawn News that hopes of Pakistan progressing in economic development after becoming “self-sufficient” in national defence had not been realised.

Asked if he blamed Musharraf, Khan said: “The team leader is to be [held] responsible for the failure of the team but all those who were with him did not assert themselves and do a proper job [either].”

Khan also said in the interview that there would be further revelations about the country’s nuclear proliferation scandal, AFP reported. He said most facts were known, but “there are some things — they will be out in time”. agencies


Daily Times

Pakistan's military would definitly be planning to kill him to save their own shamefull face. It would seem that's why they locked him up in the first place. I feel ashamed of supporting military rule in Pakistan for the last eight-and-half years. It is greatly regretted.
JF 17 Thunder
ZAB’s killing was judicial murder: AQ
Sunday, June 01, 2008


LAHORE: Nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan claimed on Saturday that Zulfikar Ali Bhutto’s killing was a judicial murder.

Talking to Star Asia, he said that then-chief justice Anwarul Haq and Justice AK Brohi would regularly visit the Army House to receive directions about Bhutto’s execution from General Ziaul Haq. daily times monitor


Daily Times
faizan khaliq
QUOTE(JF 17 Thunder @ May 30 2008, 03:39 PM) *
AQ Khan criticises Musharraf
Friday, May 30, 2008


ISLAMABAD: The country has “gone to the dogs” in the last 10 years, Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan said on Thursday, rebuking President Pervez Musharraf, AP reported.

Khan told Dawn News that hopes of Pakistan progressing in economic development after becoming “self-sufficient” in national defence had not been realised.

Asked if he blamed Musharraf, Khan said: “The team leader is to be [held] responsible for the failure of the team but all those who were with him did not assert themselves and do a proper job [either].”

Khan also said in the interview that there would be further revelations about the country’s nuclear proliferation scandal, AFP reported. He said most facts were known, but “there are some things — they will be out in time”. agencies
Daily Times

Pakistan's military would definitly be planning to kill him to save their own shamefull face. It would seem that's why they locked him up in the first place. I feel ashamed of supporting military rule in Pakistan for the last eight-and-half years. It is greatly regretted.

sorry Pakistani nation and Pak army are proud of eachother, whatever was done by few individuals is act of few.Pak army will not kill him but would boldly face the outcome.we were not signatory of NPT so if we transfered what is big deal.we are not moraly bound for not transfering technology
JF 17 Thunder
AQ Khan recants nuclear admission
Thursday, June 05, 2008


WASHINGTON: Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan told the US media on Tuesday that he was not responsible for passing nuclear secrets to Iran and Libya, back-pedalling from his earlier admissions.

In an interview with the McClatchy news organisation, Khan said he had introduced Tripoli and Tehran to Western businesses that provided information on building a nuclear weapons programme. Khan had confessed in February 2004 that he had run a network that passed atomic secrets, equipment and technological advice to Iran, North Korea and Libya over a period of 15 years, a statement he recanted in the interview. He said he had merely given Iran and Libya “small advice” on where to acquire the technology from.

Khan said that the companies who provided the technology to the two regimes were European.

“The Germans, the South Africans and the French all have those drawings. They were the suppliers. You can’t blame me for it. They were selling and making money. Why put the blame on me?” Khan said from his villa in Islamabad, where he remains under house arrest. afp


Daily Times
JF 17 Thunder
AG, Interior secy face contempt charges in AQ Khan case
Thursday, June 05, 2008


ISLAMABAD: Islamabad High Court Chief Justice Sardar Muhammad Aslam on Wednesday accepted an application levelling contempt of court charges against Attorney General (AG) Malik Muhammad Qayyum and Interior Secretary Syed Kamal Shah.

Barrister Javed Iqbal Jafferi moved the application alleging that the AG and Interior secretary did not produce the record detailing the alleged detention of Dr AQ Khan in the IHC. Jafferi had earlier moved a habeas corpus petition under Article 199 (21) read with Section 4 (91) of the Constitution against the alleged detention and restrictions on Dr Khan’s movement. He contended that Dr Khan had been kept under unjustified detention for four years and not been given an opportunity to defend himself. He contended in his contempt petition that the AG and Interior secretary did not submit the relevant record to the IHC in the first two hearings of Dr Khan’s case, violating court orders that had asked for the record within seven days. masood rehman


Daily Times
JF 17 Thunder
The AQ chapter is now closed: FO
Friday, June 06, 2008


ISLAMABAD: The issue of nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan is over, Foreign Office spokesman Muhammad Sadiq said on Thursday. ...

Daily Times
JF 17 Thunder
Dr AQ Khan’s recantation
Friday, June 06, 2008


Pakistani nuclear scientist Dr Abdul Qadeer Khan told the US media on Tuesday that “he was not responsible for passing nuclear secrets to Iran and Libya”. He said he had introduced Tripoli and Tehran to Western businesses that provided information on building a nuclear weapons programme. But it is not too long ago — in fact it was in February 2004 — that he had sung a different song, that he had run a network that passed atomic secrets, equipment and technological advice to Iran, North Korea and Libya over a period of 15 years. He now says he had merely given Iran and Libya “small advice” on where to acquire the technology from.

This recantation is difficult to swallow for most half-informed people. But Pakistanis are likely to swallow it because he is after all the “national hero” and the great “mohsin” or benefactor of the population of Pakistan. The problem is that his latest “modification” is not going to convince anyone in the world outside, including the IAEA, where he is regarded as a big spider in the middle of a web of nuclear contraband at the global level. The coalition government may reinstate him — “restoration” and “reinstatement” is the passion these days — but it will have problems getting the world to accept him back as a normal scientist.


Daily Times
saleemraja
Barrister Jafferi needs to take the case to a USA high court since it is American law that is crucifying Dr AQ Khan
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