QUOTE(chief1 @ Dec 23 2007, 05:12 AM)

who made ghuri missile? = Aq khan
who made Anza missile = Aq khan
who enriched Uranium?= aqkhan
why not we test long range ghuri missile after AQ khan
you should know that uranim enriching process main point of making a A bomb.
without uranium you cant even think abt atomic bomb.
it is same like that you have water tanker without water.
Stop making fool to peoples. And do not repeat same thing in every Aq khan thread.
you dumbo....
kal ka hero aj ka mujram ..... theek taffo bhai jassi sooch ha teri.
samar mand speaking for cheap papularity and he following mushy abot aq khan issue!
you cantjudge who is true without listening 2 persons views.
is there any proof that smar mand speaking truth? he is following mushy.
samar mand is the junior of AQ khan. AQ khan transer tech to other Pak scientist
Samar Mubarakmand is part of PAEC since 1962! He carried out the 1998 nuclear tests at Chaghi as head of the 140 member PAEC team, when AQ Khan was invited there as a guest along with others to witness the test. Samar was also head of the National Development Complex during the 1990s that produced the solid fuelled Shaheen missile systems.
About uranium enrichment, there can be no enrichment without the following steps which form part of the front end of the nuclear fuel cycle.
1) Uranium exploration and prospection
2) Uranium Mining, Refining and Production of Yellow Cake
3) Uranium Conversion and Production of Uranium Hexafluoride gas or UF6, which is the form in which uranium is enriched through all methods. It is this gas which is enriched through the gas-centrifuges to weapons grade.
Enrichment does not begin at KRL altogether. UF6 is as critical to enrichment as are the centrifuges. And producing UF6 is no child's play either. It involves the complete mastery over fluorine chemistry and production of hydrofluoric acid which is used to treat the yellow cake which is converted first into uranium tetrafluoride and then into UF6. UF6 is highly corrosive and toxic and presents immense personal hazards to men and machine alike. Iran has been able to construct working centrifuges, so had Iraq, and Libya too got them from AQ Khan. But without the UF6, the feed material that is supposed to be enriched, they have proven to be useless. In Iran's case, it is still struggling to produce purity free high quality UF6 by the ton. There is no other way that enrichment can be done, either by centrifuge or diffusion, the two known industrial scale production processes. To produce UF6, PAEC set up a series of 7 chemical plants and a yellow cake plant at Baghalchur
Enriching uranium is not the end of the story. After enriched uranium, it has to be converted into metal without which the enriched uranium cannot be used in the core of the nuclear device. Then complete mastery over the nuclear weapons design, development and testing has to be acquired. This in itself is very high technology. In the last 50 years, three large and well known US Labs have been engaged in warhead design and development R&D. If bomb design and development was so easy, then why would the US dedicated three of its main nuclear labs, namely, Los Alamos, Sandia and Lawrence Livermore National Labs to nuclear weapons design and development?
So to be able to build a deliverable nuclear weapon, an implosion design has to be perfected. This includes very complex physics calculations, developing a neutron trigger, developing highly specialised high-explosive lenses which are symmetrically arranged in a circle around the core of the device. Inside the core, a few grams of tritium is also used to boost the overall yield of the bomb. Then it also requires complete mastery over high speed electronics and developing sophisticated triggering circuits to detonate the high explosives simultaneously with the precision of ONE NANO SECOND. At this precise moment, the neutron trigger also needs to be initiated which may either be polonium-210 mixed with beryllium metal or tritium itself. Then you need neutron reflectors/ tampers of U-238. All this has to be built with very high precision and packaged together so that it can be easily carried by an aircraft or missile. Then you will need testing capabilities, which again requires very high precision electronics and high speed computers to record the data in a split second of the performance and yield of the bomb during a cold or hot test. A dependable and working nuclear device can only be made possible after it is proven in cold or hot tests. For this PAEC developed different specialized groups for each of these technologies, working under its Directorate of Technical Development (DTD)
Then, apart from enriched uranium, there is another material used in atomic bombs, which is much more powerful, efficient and destructive, and that is plutonium. That is why Plutonium has been the first choice of every country that built an arsenal of nuclear weapons. For that a country will have to have an indigenous nuclear fuel fabrication capability to produce fuel for a natural uranium fuelled, heavy water moderated nuclear reactor like KANUPP or KHUSHAB, which produce plutonium in their spent fuel. This also requires a reprocessing capability to extract the plutonium-239 from the spent fuel. Tritium is also obtained from heavy water reactors. Again this PU-239 will have to be converted into metal to be used in a bomb. Also, tritium is the material used in building thermonuclear or hydrogen bombs. And building neutron, high yield atomic or hydrogen bombs is all about nuclear weapons designs. It takes only 3-4 kg of PU-239 for one atomic bomb compared to 20-25 kg of highly enriched uranium for the same bomb. Also, plutonium bombs are the best and ideally suited for missiles and aircraft because with plutonium, the bombs can easily be made small in size but greater in yield, thus making advanced compact warheads possible. Uranium cannot be miniaturized beyond a certain limit. That is why uranium bombs are bulkier, heavy and difficult to be fitted onto missiles. For this PAEC developed the Khushab plutonium production reactor, a nuclear fuel fabrication plant that also produces indigenous fuel for Karachi nuclear power plant (KANUPP) , a heavy water plant, a tritium production plant and a reprocessing plant at New Labs.
The uranium enrichment project itself was begun by PAEC in 1974 whose manpower had all come from PAEC, and by 1976, critical materials, machines and equipment needed for the plant were put in place by PAEC, in addition to the procurement of know-how of designs of the centrifuge and setting up of complete uranium enrichment plant from Italy, among other sources. PAEC also had complete designs of Zippe-type centrifuge from open scientific literature which is the basis of all centrifuge designs. KRL was able to develop centrifuges due to indigenous effort by its scientists and engineers.
So to accomplish all this, PAEC established the following high technology laboratories and projects from 1972 to the mid 1990s. This was all done by PAEC scientists and engineers under a nuclear engineer, Munir Ahmad Khan, in over 20 labs and projects, every one the size of KRL.
1. Theoretical Physics Group
2. Fast Neutron Physics Group
3. Diagnostics Group
4. Wah Group
5. Trigger Mechanism Group
6. Tritium Production Plant
7. Heavy Water Plant
8. Plutonium Production Khushab reactor
9. New Labs reprocessing plant
10. Baghalchur uranium refining and yellow cake plant
11. Chemcial Production Complex for UF6 production (This consists of 7 chemical plants)
12. Kundian Nuclear Fuel Complex
13. Uranium Metal Lab
14. Centre for Nuclear Studies
15. Karachi Nuclear Power Training Centre
16. Zirconium Tube Plant
17. Heavy Mechanical Complex-3
18. National Development Complex (NDC)
19. National Centre for Non-Destructive Testing
20 Pakistan Welding Institute
21. Optic Laser Group
22. PARR-1 & 2
23. Nuclear Materials Division, PINSTECH
24. Radio Isotope and Applications Division, PINSTECH
25. Solid State Nuclear Track Labs
26. 325 MW Chashma nuclear plant
27. Uranium Enrichment Project as Project-706.
28. Quality Assurance Labs
29. Directorate of Technical Procurement
30. Chaghi and Kharan hot test sites
31. Kirana Hills cold test sites
32. Computer Training Centre
So as Libya, Iran, North Korea (that has a plutonium program also) and Iraq all had been successful in either building or procuring ready-made centrifuges, then why is it that they have not been able to produce a bomb that uses enriched uranium? North Korea had a plutonium program and its nuclear test was based on a bomb that used plutonium at its core. Whatever AQ Khan gave to Iran or Libya was only one small part of enrichment technology which itself is one part of the nuclear fuel cycle, which again is one part of a nuclear weapons program.
For any country that wishes to build a bomb, the above-mentioned technologies have to be mastered, every one of which is critical to bomb making. Uranium enrichment is not needed if a country has a plutonium program.
Pakistan became a nuclear power on May 28, 1998 when PAEC successfully demonstrated Pakistan's nuclear capability by exploding 5 atomic bombs that were all boosted fission devices of various yields. It was all the culmination of a huge team effort that essentially began with the setting up of PAEC in 1956. AQ Khan was only 1/20 th part of a very big nuclear program and KRL like PAEC owes it success to the team effort of its scientists and engineers.
As for Ghauri, it is a liquid fuelled missile that needs hours of preparation and fuelling time before launch. It was essentially a North Korean No-Dong missile (like Anza) that was painted Ghauri on its first test. Later NDC and NESCOM took over this missile's development work also. Ghauri has now been eclipsed by a whole range of read to fire, solid fuelled missiles built by PAEC/NDC and now NESCOM.
Samar is not the only one who has been saying all this, it is only that he is more vocal, and he has been saying all this before Musharraf became Army Chief in 1998.