This is how it was done.
http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/27/stories/2008022757940100.htmSagarika missile test-fired successfully
T.S. Subramanian
India joins select club in underwater missile capability
CHENNAI: India on Tuesday proved that it had the capability to launch missiles from underwater by test-firing successfully the Sagarika missile from a pontoon off the coast of Visakhapatnam. The pontoon simulated the conditions of a submarine.
Shortly after noon, the missile’s booster ignited and Sagarika rose from the pontoon. Then in a spectacular display of firepower, it cleaved out of the waters of the Bay of Bengal and tore into the atmosphere as the air-booster erupted into life. It impacted the sea over 700 km away.
‘A proving trial’
“It is through. There was no problem,” said a Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) missile technologist. “It is a proving trial. It has been consistently successful. This is not the first time that we have launched the missile. We have done it earlier a few times although it went by different names.”
The tactical, submarine-to-surface missile, is a light, miniaturised system, which is about 6.5 metres long and weighs seven tonnes. Powered by solid propellants, it can carry a payload of about 500 kg. It can be launched from different platforms — from the ground, from underwater and mobile launchers.
In a couple of years, India will be able to fire the Sagarika from a submarine. Ultimately, it will be launched from the indigenous nuclear-powered submarine under construction at Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu and Visakhapatnam. The missile can carry both nuclear and conventional warheads.
DRDO missile technologists said the successful launch almost completed the country’s triad of minimum, credible nuclear deterrence from sea, land and air.
“It is a great day for the country’s missile technology and national defence capability. We are getting into the possibility of completing the triad. This successful launch will give us the sea capability,” they said.
The missile has the latest technologies in aerodynamics, control and guidance and navigation, a scientist said.
Sagarika was developed at the DRDO’s missile complex in Hyderabad. The complex consists of the Defence Research and Development Laboratory (DRDL), the Advanced Systems Laboratory (ASL) and the Research Centre, Imarat (RCI).
While the missile was designed and developed by the DRDL, the ASL provided the motors and propulsion systems. The RCI’s contribution was in avionics, including control and guidance systems and inertial navigation systems.
M. Natarajan, Scientific Adviser to the Defence Minister; V.K. Saraswat, Chief Controller (Missile and Strategic Systems), DRDO; Prahlada, Chief Controller, R and D, DRDO; Avinash Chander, Director, ASL; P. Venugopalan, Director, DRDL; and A.K. Chakrabarti of DRDL watched the launch of Sagarika from a vessel. Mr. Chakrabarti played an important role in the launch.
There were no men on board the pontoon when Sagarika took off. A naval ship was positioned kilometres away from it.
The DRDO had placed the missile’s fire control systems on the ship and the pontoon and the vessel were connected by a cable.
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http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/28/stories/2008022854211000.htmEditorials
The successful test of the Sagarika missile marks a public declaration of the progress India has made towards establishing its own submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) capability. Nuclear warheads delivered by aircraft, land-based ballistic missiles, and SLBMs together form the deadly ‘triad’ considered necessary for ‘stable nuclear deterrence,’ whatever that means in this day and age. Carried onboard by specially designed nuclear-powered submarines that can lurk undetected in the depths of the ocean for months at a time, the SLBM promises a devastating riposte should a nuclear first-strike by an enemy destroy or severely cripple the country’s air- and land-based nuclear weapon systems. The political implications of the latest test are a matter of serious concern, with Pakistan registering its protest against what it sees as a new phase in a South Asian arms race. Technologically, launching ballistic missiles from a submarine moving underwater requires a series of complex steps. Powerful gas generator systems must be activated to eject each missile from the vertical tube in which it is carried onboard the submarine. The missile’s rocket motor must fire as soon as it breaks the ocean surface and the onboard guidance system must quickly orient the missile along the correct launch trajectory. India has proven solid propulsion technology within the civilian space programme as well as the missile programme run by the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). The February 26 test was carried out from a submerged pontoon that performed the role of a submarine’s missile tube. The success of this test, as also of previous ones — DRDO officials have now disclosed — indicate mastery of the intricacies of launching a ballistic missile underwater.
For SLBM capability, the ballistic missile is only half the story. In the 1970s, India embarked on the Advanced Technology Vessel (ATV) project to build a nuclear-powered submarine. For years, a key problem was developing a nuclear reactor compact enough to fit inside a submarine. Using highly enriched uranium produced at the Rare Materials Project near Mysore, the miniature reactor became fully operational only in December 2004. Media reports speak of a plan to build by 2015 a fleet of three nuclear submarines, each carrying 12 nuclear-tipped ballistic missiles. It is instructive, however, to remember that although China launched its first Xia-class nuclear submarine capable of carrying ballistic missiles in 1981, a missile was successfully launched from it only seven years later. The political implications aside, Indian defence scientists and naval personnel have several technological hurdles to overcome before they achieve their dream of SLBM capability.